![]() It is not clear if tannic acid exerts its effect solely as a primary repellent or whether it also has secondary repellent effects. Tannic acid has some efficacy as a bird repellent, and is not repellent to possums and rats at lower concentrations. Ortho-aminoacetophenone appears effective as a bird repellent, but its repellency for possums and rats requires clarification. The little information found suggested that garlic oil was repellent to birds it has not been formally tested on possums and rats, but anecdotal evidence did not suggest strong aversion. Cinnamamide, caffeine, and thiram, while effective as bird repellents, are likely to be repellent to rats at concentrations suitable for use with native birds, including kea. ![]() Cinnamamide, tannic acid, caffeine, garlic oil, ortho-aminoacetophenone, and thiram were identified as possible candidates and evaluated in relation to their potential to repel native birds from eating cereal baits without affecting efficacy for possums and rats. A further constraint was the lack of information for many compounds on response of rodents and possums. Most of the information reviewed related to use of repellents for crop protection where the aim is to reduce economic loss rather than prevent feeding on the crop, whereas preventing feeding is the primary aim for native bird protection. While research to stabilise d-pulegone in bait remains an option, a review of alternative compounds was undertaken to assist with decision-making about future directions for research, including consideration of possible formulation issues and cost. Initial trials of d-pulegone and anthraquinone were not wholly successful, with the former having poor stability in bait and the latter reducing bait uptake by rats. More broadly, the difference in learning abilities associated with trigeminal repellents and those commonly responsible for conditioned avoidance learning have implications for the structure of chemical defenses of fruits and the prevention of untimely frugivory.Ĭoncern about non-target risks to native birds, particularly kea (Nestor notabilis), from aerial poisoning has prompted the evaluation of potential repellent compounds that could be incorporated into the cereal pellet bait used for possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and rat (Rattus spp.) control. While trigeminal irritants can be powerful repellents, the absence of associative learning for these repellents will influence the application strategy for formulation and use. ![]() Moreover, starlings fail to learn to avoid the odor of the repellents, even after direct oral contact with liquid repellent. Starlings are not repelled by the odor of the compounds, nor is olfaction important in the avoidance response. The trigeminal nerve codes for chemical irritation and pain. Avoidance is an unlearned response most likely mediated via chemically sensitive fibers of the trigeminal nerve. Birds, and in particular European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), avoid consumption of fluid and food treated with the natural plant products, methyl anthranilate and o-aminoacetophenone. ![]()
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